卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮发展与研究现状

为解决国产水涡轮效率低的问题,回顾了国内外卷盘式喷灌机的发展及研究历程和早期对水涡轮的研究,综述了近5 a国内研究人员围绕国产JP50和JP75两种水涡轮所开展的外特性试验、CFD分析和改进措施等研究现状.概述了国外目前常见的冲击式和径流式两种水涡轮的结构类型,重点介绍了国内学者针对引进国外的一种进口为射流冲击式结构的水涡轮所开展的创新性研究,在试验和CFD模拟的基础上,发现这种结构水涡轮的内外特性比国产水涡轮有很大提高,并通过正交试验分析了各种参数对性能的影响,采用GA_-BP优化算法进行了进一步优化设计,获得了一种优化的水涡轮模型,CFD分析和试验都证明,优化水涡轮的内外性能全面超过了国外水涡轮.最后,总结了水涡轮研究存在的不足,提出了今后对水涡轮研究的改进建议.     

基于异形喷嘴结构的低压喷头水力性能

对2种流量相等的出口截面形状为正方形和正三角形的异形喷嘴与圆形喷嘴进行了对比研究,研究其压力、喷嘴锥角、出口截面形状对流量、射程、喷灌强度和喷灌均匀性等水力性能的影响.结合试验和Matlab软件,分析低压下异形喷嘴在矩形布置下的组合均匀性,确定了组合喷灌均匀性最好的喷嘴型号及其最佳组合间距.研究表明:锥角一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程均随着压力增大而增大;压力一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程随着锥角变大而减小.低压条件下,异形喷嘴的喷灌均匀性较圆形喷嘴有极大改善,低压组合喷灌均匀性最佳的喷嘴为锥角45°的正三角形喷嘴,最佳组合间距为一个有效喷洒半径.异形喷嘴的组合均匀性系数比圆形喷嘴的高,说明在组合喷灌时选用异形喷嘴更能体现喷灌均匀性优势.     

痕灌带地埋下水力特性

为了获得痕灌带在田间应用的设计参数及其水力性能,通过室内与室外试验相结合的方法,针对流量规格为900 mL/h的痕灌带在自由出流时的制造偏差系数、流量与压力关系及其地埋后的水力特性以及痕灌毛管的地埋极限铺设距离进行了计算与评估.试验结果表明,试验痕灌带制造偏差系数为0.04,制造精度较高,且痕量灌水器压力-流量关系符合微灌灌水器幂函数关系式;痕量灌水器在地埋条件下,流量对压力变化的敏感性要高于自由出流.痕灌带(900 mL/h)在地埋后其流量减小幅度不明显,与室内自由出流相比,在额定工作压力条件下(10 m),地埋后痕量灌水器平均流量减少3%~8%;此外,在满足系统流量偏差系数(q_v)不大于20%条件下,并结合田间土壤含水率空间变异性的研究验证,试验痕灌带(900 mL/h)在平坡铺设、砂壤土中的地埋铺设极限距离为150 m左右.     

白木香茎中内源茉莉酸类和倍半萜类物质对机械伤害的响应

 为揭示伤害信号--茉莉酸类（JAs）对倍半萜可能的调控作用,以3年生白木香[Aquilaria sinensis（Lour.）Gilg]树苗为试材进行机械伤害和外施茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）处理,测定其茎中内源JAs和倍半萜含量。结果表明,机械伤害处理1 h后,内源JAs含量显著增加,随后迅速下降;伤害处理24 h后又有小幅升高。伤害处理诱导白木香产生3种倍半萜（δ–愈创木烯、α–愈创木烯和α–葎草烯）且含量随着伤害时间延长而增多。外源MeJA处理也能够诱导产生相同种类的倍半萜且诱导强度大于伤害处理。伤害早期（1 h）内源JAs含量升高和伤害后期（48 h）倍半萜含量增多是植物启动相应的防御反应和抵御伤害胁迫的重要机制。     

Preliminary Study of Variable Rate Application – Organic Liquid Fertilizer by Using SPAD Chlorophyll Meter on System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Cultivation

Knowing actual nutrient requirements for rice plants is crucial in supplying the correct amount of fertilizer, especially nitrogen since nitrogen is one of the most key limiting nutrients in rice cultivation. A preliminary study of variable rate application (VRA) on System of Rice Intensification (SRI) planting by using organic foliar fertilizer was carried out to determine the effectiveness of precision fertilization. Foliar fertilizer was formulated based on actual nitrogen needed by rice plants using Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter measurements. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments (50% fixed rate, 100% fixed rate, 150% fixed rate and VRA) and four replications for each treatment. Plant growth performances (plant heights, number of tillers, number of panicle and flower) and yield performances (grain yield, number of grain, 1000-grain weight and number of spikelets) were recorded during the study. The results showed that foliar application of VRA resulted in significantly higher yield performances; grain yield (13.65 g), number of grain (807.50), 1000-grain weight (16.79 g), and number of spikelets (7.50) compared to uniform fertilizer applications. VRA treatments had the highest SPAD readings at every planting stage during the experiment; however, a high nitrogen supply was needed during the mid-tillering stages (35 DAT) compared to other fertilizer rates. Besides, VRA application shows the most savings in term of total nitrogen supply (415 µg) compared to uniform rates application; 50% fixed rate (400 µg), 100% fixed rate (810 µg), and 150% fixed rate (1210 µg).     

LNG接收站高压泵增加叶轮后的性能变化及影响

随着中国天然气需求量的爆发式增长,LNG接收站外输管道里程不断增长,出站压力随之持续增高,对压缩机、高压泵等设备性能提出了更高要求。以青岛LNG接收站为例,针对外输压力的变化,提出对其4台高压泵增加4级叶轮的改造方法,并对改造后外输高压泵的性能变化及其对LNG接收站工艺运行的影响进行研究。通过对改造后的高压泵扬程、轴功率、效率随着流量增加的变化趋势进行现场测试,结果表明:高压泵增加叶轮后,其扬程、轴功率、效率、电流均显著提高,其中3台高压泵的运行参数可满足LNG接收站现场实际需要,另外1台即使在相同的测试条件下出口压力仍明显偏低;气化器、HIPPS(High Integrity Pressure Protective System)系统、外输管道高报压力及联锁值均需随之上调,接收站高压区连接法兰出现了多处泄漏,应加大巡检频率和力度;当LNG接收站高压泵性能不同时,在运行过程中应该尽量选用性能相近的泵。研究结果可为高压泵的国产化设计、制造提供参考。     

管道内检测器皮碗过盈量对其力学行为的影响

为了研究管道内检测器皮碗过盈量对皮碗力学行为的影响,以直径为800 mm的管道的内检测器皮碗为研究对象,分析聚氨酯材料的力学特性,建立用于分析管道内检测器皮碗过盈量的二维轴对称有限元模型。通过计算分析,得到了皮碗过盈量为0~10%时,唇缘接触应力、唇缘接触长度、夹持端角度、唇缘角度、皮碗折点内外侧应力的变化趋势,并拟合得到了过盈量与上述参数之间的关系。结果表明:随着皮碗过盈量增加,皮碗唇缘应力趋势由指数下降趋势逐渐转化为线性下降趋势;皮碗唇缘接触长度、夹持端角度的增长速率随皮碗过盈量增大而快速增加;折点内外侧应力增长速率均随皮碗过盈量增大而减小;皮碗唇缘角度随着皮碗过盈量增大而线性减小。     

Challenges in organic component selection and biochar as an opportunity in potting substrates: a review

Plant production in potting substrates provides maximum profit on the applied inputs, and hence, directly improving the socio-economic condition of the grower/nurserymen. The main challenge in this industry is sourcing of materials for their potting substrates. Peat and perlite have been widely preferred materials. However, recently higher prices, more restrictive legislation of many countries and wetland ecosystem destruction through its extraction has limited peat use. Nowadays, producers focus towards peat alternatives that provide good performance, are readily available, inexpensive and environment friendly to attain sustainability in potted plant production. In an effort to grasp sustainability during the last few decades, many industrial and agricultural waste materials were reviewed for their use in potting substrates. In these studies, the major focus remained on material characterization, neglecting their economics, technical aspects and environmental impacts. Thus, switching from peat and perlite to alternatives requires material exploration. In the present review, we summarize a clearer and practical approach for substituting different materials especially biochar to fulfill the need of modern potting substrate industry. Biochar has the potential to sustain the substrate production on a long-term basis.     

一种输气管道燃气轮机性能计算方法及其验证

准确掌握燃气轮机的气路性能参数,对输气管道燃驱压缩机组的运行维护具有重要意义。建立了一种基于一维Newton迭代的燃气轮机气路性能计算方法,并通过引入“虚拟部件”的概念对具有复杂气路结构的燃气轮机进行模型简化,使建立的计算方法具有更广泛的适用性。在此基础上,分别根据燃气发生器中“虚拟部件”和实际部件的平衡机理,给出了热端部件进、出口截面处的气路物性参数计算方法,以进一步获取燃气轮机中热端部件的各项性能参数求解。将建立的性能计算方法用于GE LM2500 +型和RR RB211-6562型燃气轮机的燃气发生器各部件性能求解,通过与基于多维迭代计算方法获得的部件性能参数进行对比及理论分析,验证了新方法的准确性。新方法克服了由于热端部件气路物性参数缺失而造成的热端部件性能参数无法求解的问题,为输气管道燃气轮机的性能的计算提供了新的思路。     

湘西重点生态功能区贫困县扶贫绩效评价

[目的]探讨湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州在扶贫开发过程中能否协调生态保护、生产发展和生活改善三者关系,以期实现扶贫资源的集中整合,寻求重点生态功能区贫困县扶贫开发的适宜模式。[方法]基于精准扶贫战略,结合三生共赢理论构建扶贫绩效评价指标体系,采用主客观赋权法确定指标权重,进而计算2010—2016年研究区生产、生活、生态指数及扶贫综合成效指数。[结果](1)湘西州各县扶贫绩效不断提高,6a间扶贫成效综合指数增长2～4倍,尤其是在精准扶贫战略实行后,扶贫成效显著;(2)贫困区生产指数平均增长5.8倍,提高最快,但研究区不能偏重生产发展而忽略生活、生态方面的改善;(3)重点生态功能区贫困县的扶贫开发需要考虑区域特色,协调好生产、生活、生态三者关系,以此实现可持续发展。[结论]湘西重点生态功能区贫困县的首要任务是摆脱贫困,但在发展经济的同时,保护生态环境与改善生活条件同等重要。